old urn originated from the treason of Quezhu Gyamco, Living Buddha of the Karma Kagyu Red Hat Sect, who instigated Gurkhas to invade Tibet.

In 1780, the 45th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the 6th Panchen Lama went from afar to Beijing to attend the ceremony to mark the 70th birthday of Emperor Qianlong. On his way to Beijing, the 6th Panchen Lama received numerous treasures from Tibetan and Mongolian leaders as well as nobles in Beijing. As I mentioned before, the 6th Panchen Lama had two brothers, both of whom were prestigious Living Buddhas. His elder brother Zhongba Khutuktu was a grand lama of the Tashilhunpo Monastery in charge of its political and religious affairs; and his younger brother Quezhu Gyamco was the 10th Living Buddha of the Karma Kargyu Red Hat Sect. In autumn that year, the 6th Panchen Lama died of smallpox in Beijing and all of his treasures were escorted to the Tashilhunpo Monastery by his elder brother. However, most of the treasures were kept by Zhongba Khutuktu himself. Quezhu Gyamco got nothing from his brother since they belonged to different sects. In a pet, Quezhu Gyamco left Tibet and threw himself into the lap of Gurkha (present-day Nepal).

After fleeing to Gurkha in the 49th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, Quezhu Gyamco alleged that there were numerous treasures in the Tashilhunpo Monastery and how weak border defense of Tibet was, in an effort to instigate the Gurkhar King to invade Tibet.

Gurkhars did not profit much in their first invasion of Tibet. So Gurkhar soldiers invided Tibet again in the 56th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign.

When 3,000 Gurkhar soldiers were about to storm the Tashilhunpo Monastery, the high commissioner Baotai hurried to Xigaze to escort the 7th Panchen Lama to Lhasa. Zhongba Khutuktu, unexpectedly, made off the treasures and ran away. Without the leader, the monks in the Tashilhunpo Monastery were scared and fled as well. After looting all the treasures in the Tashilhunpo Monastery, the Gurkhars began to attack the Mt. Dzong Castle. Directed by Commander Xu Nanpeng, 80 Han soldiers defending the castle put up fierce resistance against aggressors, imposing heavy casaulities on them. Then, the Gurkhars retreated and were stationed along the border of Tibet.

Hearing the report on what had happened, Emperor Qianlong was enraged and dispatched 17,000 soldiers to Tibet with Fu Kang'an as the chief commander and Sun Shiyi in charge of food supply. Fu Kang'an lived up to Qianlong's expectations by driving the Gurkhars out of Tibet. The Gurkhar King begged for surrender, returned the remains of Quezhu Gyamco, his wife and children, and the looted treasures to Fu Kang'an and promised never to invade the frontier and to pay tribute to the Qing Government every five years.

After withdrawing troops from Tibet, Fu Kang'an rectified the handling of Tibetan affairs on the order of Emperor Qianlong.

The first thing he did was to p