100 Questions Answered about China's Tibet - Others - Tibetol

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100 Questions Answered about China's Tibet
By:eng.tibet.cn
update:February 16,2009
 
3. Successive central governments of China have exercised effective sovereignty over Tibet through history. The central government of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) basically continued the administrative arrangements as instituted by the Yuan Dynasty in ruling Tibet. Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398), the first Ming emperor, dispatched envoys to Tibet with an imperial edict, acknowledging the Tibetan officials appointed during the Yuan rule, and demanding that all the leaders of the various tribes in Tibet give their allegiance to the Ming imperial court. The emperor also reconfirmed the titles of the succeeding officials who were perceived as the major powers in Tibet. Military and government organizations were established in Tibet, and envoys were also sent to appoint and award local administrative and religious heads. Courier stations were reopened.
 
The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) strengthened its administrative grip on Tibet. The titles of Dalai and Panchen were officially granted by the Qing emperors, and the Qing court set up offices for the high commissioners dispatched to Tibet and the Kasha (local Tibetan government). It also founded the Kaloon System (the system of local Tibetan government officials), sent troops to repulse foreign invaders, and formulated the famous "29-Ardticle sRegulations Concerning the Administration of Tibet" to establish clearly how the politics and economics, foreign, religious and military affairs in Tibet should be managed. These regulations marked greater systematization in the rule by law exercised by the central government over Tibet.
 
During the period of the Republic of China (1911-1949), the successive central governments opposed and resisted activities steering towards "Tibet independence" plotted by imperialist powers and upheld China's sovereignty over Tibet. In 1912, the government of the Republic of China declared the five main ethnic groups in China (Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan) to be under its rule and proclaimed the unification of the country. The Provisional Constitution and the Constitution of the Republic of China stipulated that China was a unified country of which Tibet was a part. The central government set up an administrative body in Tibet and established an agency in Lhasa. For its part, Tibet had its own parliamentary delegates, and its representative attended the National assembly. It also set up representative offices in Nanjing, Beijing and Chongqing. representatives of the central government were sent to mourn the death of the 13th Dalai Lama and the 9th Panchen, and later approved the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdini. The official investitures of the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen were also presided over by envoys sent by the central government.
 
The above historical facts show that, since the Yuan Dynasty, successive Chinese central governments have practiced various political systems in Tibet, including the wanhu system, the hereditary headmen system, the fief system, the Kaloon system and the system of dispatching commissioners to Tibet. The local Tibetan regime has throughout been indubitably under the jurisdiction of the central government.
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